E-ISSN 1658-8223 | ISSN 1658-645X
 

Review Article 


The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature

Jumanah S. Alawfi, Lamis M. Alghamdi.


Abstract
In 1920, Otto Warburg established the Warburg Effect which is defined as the unusual fuel generation by the cancer cells through their dependence on glucose metabolism. The aim of the current review is to present the evidence for the association between cancer development and carbohydrate intake and the ketogenic diet usefulness for these patients. Search was conducted in PubMed, Scopes, and Wiley Online Library during 5th November 2021 to 1st December 2021 with searching terms of sugar and cancer, carbohydrates intake and cancer, the ketogenic diet and cancer. RefWorks was used for managing the references. One hundred and seventy studies were found based on inclusion criteria. There are limited metabolic ward randomized clinical trials (RCT) that investigated cancer development with carbohydrates intake, free sugar, or the ketogenic diet. Most studies used food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) as a dietary assessment tool for intake collection however, this method is not intended for this purpose. Results were inconsistent some studies reported carbohydrate intake with adverse effect on endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, or overall cancer. On the other hand, some studies reported no effect or a possible protective effect for fibers and low glycemic index carbohydrates. Overall, the relationship is debatable. However, carbohydrate is an important macronutrient for optimum health. In conclusion, there is not enough high-quality evidence to support the hypothesis of carbohydrates and free sugar association with cancer progression additionally the ketogenic diets studies had some limitations. This paper suggests the need for interventional metabolic ward studies with appropriate dietary assessment methods.

Key words: Ketogenic diet (KD), Glycemic index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), Sugars, Warburg Effect, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Jumanah S. Alawfi
Articles by Lamis M. Alghamdi
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alawfi JS, Alghamdi LM. The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2022; 10(4): 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009


Web Style

Alawfi JS, Alghamdi LM. The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. https://www.mjhs-mu.org/?mno=20661 [Access: September 12, 2024]. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alawfi JS, Alghamdi LM. The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2022; 10(4): 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alawfi JS, Alghamdi LM. The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah J Heal Sci. (2022), [cited September 12, 2024]; 10(4): 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



Harvard Style

Alawfi, J. S. & Alghamdi, . L. M. (2022) The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah J Heal Sci, 10 (4), 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



Turabian Style

Alawfi, Jumanah S., and Lamis M. Alghamdi. 2022. The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 10 (4), 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



Chicago Style

Alawfi, Jumanah S., and Lamis M. Alghamdi. "The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 10 (2022), 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alawfi, Jumanah S., and Lamis M. Alghamdi. "The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 10.4 (2022), 95-120. Print. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alawfi, J. S. & Alghamdi, . L. M. (2022) The Effect of Carbohydrates Intake, Free Sugars, and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Development: Critical Review of the literature. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 10 (4), 95-120. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2022.04.009





Most Viewed Articles
Most Accessed Articles

  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypercholesterolemia in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
    Khalid El Tohami Medani, Mohammed Abdullah Al Mansour, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, Fahad Alfhaid, Talal Shakhs Alghamdi, Waqas Sami, Sawsan Mustafa Abdalla, Mansour Khater Al Zahrani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 34-41
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.006

  • Physical Therapy Intervention in Post Stroke Shoulder Subluxation: A Narrative Review
    Mazen Alqahtani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 48-60
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.008

  • Gentamicin induced neurodegenerative changes in auditory cortex of adult Albino rats
    Rehan M Asad, Moattar R Rizvi, Sami Waqas, Kamran Afzal
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2013; 1(1): 11-17
    » Abstract » doi: 10.12816/0004766

  • Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Antibiotic use for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
    Khaled Al-Dossari
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2013; 1(1): 33-45
    » Abstract » doi: 10.12816/0004769

  • Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
    Fahad Alfhaid
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 10-16
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.003

  • Most Downloaded
    Top Downloaded Articles

  • Medical Waste Management Survey in Primary Health Care Centers, Saudi Arabia
    Eltigani O.M Omer, Ali S. R. Alsubaie
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2017; 5(1): 7-22
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.003

  • Wet cupping (Hijama) positively and significantly impacted multiple hematological parameters
    Abdulraheem Alshareef, Ahmad Khalaf Alsaedi, Ahmad Abdulaziz Alnakhli, Abdulrahman Amer Albeladi, Raed Saad AlHejili, Mohammed Siddig Younis
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2021; 9(2): 98-112
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2021.02.011

  • Prevalence & Perception of CAM Usage in Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Syed Yousaf Kazmi, Waqas Sami, Saud Ibnsaut Alharbi, Meshaal almeshaal, Anas Alzahrani, Fahad Alyousif, Osama Alenezi
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(2): 50-61
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.02.007

  • Physical Therapy Intervention in Post Stroke Shoulder Subluxation: A Narrative Review
    Mazen Alqahtani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 48-60
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.008

  • The “Epidemiological Transmission” and “Double-Burden of Disease”: A Focus on Africa
    Asim Abdelmoneim Hussein
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2014; 2(2): 3-11
    » Abstract

  • Most Cited Articles
    Most Cited Articles