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Original Article 


The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia

Jamilah Fallatah, Lisa Ann Kirk Wiese, Howard Karl Butcher, Maysaa Barakat.


Abstract
Background and Aims:
Almost seven million persons in Saudi Arabia are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Limited knowledge among informal caregivers may adversely influence diabetes management and patient outcomes, yet structured caregiver education remains insufficient. There is a need to discover T2DM informal caregivers’ knowledge and its relation to patients’ T2DM management. This study aimed to assess the level of T2DM knowledge among informal caregivers of Saudi patients and to examine its association with patients’ glycemic control (HbA1C levels). The study was guided by Nursing theories.
Methods:
A quantitative, correlational design was used. Convenience sampling of 37 caregiver–patient dyads (N = 74) was conducted at primary health centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using self-reported HbA1C values and the Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test. Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed.
Results:
The mean diabetes knowledge score among caregivers was low (M = 8.03), indicating average knowledge. No significant correlation was found between caregiver T2DM knowledge and patients’ HbA1C levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that caregivers aged 31–45 years and those employed as students were significant positive predictors of higher diabetes knowledge scores.
Conclusion:
The findings demonstrate that informal caregivers possess only moderate knowledge of T2DM management. Further research, including qualitative inquiry, is recommended to explore how caregivers acquire and apply diabetes-related knowledge and how this knowledge may influence patients’ glycemic outcomes.

Key words: Type 2 Diabetes, HBA1C Levels, Caregivers, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Fallatah J, Wiese LAK, Butcher HK, Barakat M. The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2026; 14(3): 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012

Web Style

Fallatah J, Wiese LAK, Butcher HK, Barakat M. The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. https://www.mjhs-mu.org/?mno=253424 [Access: July 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Fallatah J, Wiese LAK, Butcher HK, Barakat M. The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2026; 14(3): 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Fallatah J, Wiese LAK, Butcher HK, Barakat M. The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. (2026), [cited July 01, 2026]; 14(3): 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


Harvard Style

Fallatah, J., Wiese, . L. A. K., Butcher, . H. K. & Barakat, . M. (2026) The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci, 14 (3), 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


Turabian Style

Fallatah, Jamilah, Lisa Ann Kirk Wiese, Howard Karl Butcher, and Maysaa Barakat. 2026. The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 14 (3), 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


Chicago Style

Fallatah, Jamilah, Lisa Ann Kirk Wiese, Howard Karl Butcher, and Maysaa Barakat. "The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 14 (2026), 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Fallatah, Jamilah, Lisa Ann Kirk Wiese, Howard Karl Butcher, and Maysaa Barakat. "The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 14.3 (2026), 138-157. Print. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Fallatah, J., Wiese, . L. A. K., Butcher, . H. K. & Barakat, . M. (2026) The Relationship Between Informal Caregivers’ Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management and Patients’ HbA1c Levels Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 14 (3), 138-157. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.012




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