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Original Article 


COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia

Howeida Abusalih, Leen Al-anazi, Aljouharah Al-harbi, Reem Al-mutairi, Ryoufe Otayn, Najla Al-guhs.


Abstract
Background and Aims:
Post-COVID19 vaccination menstrual irregularities have emerged as an evolving concern among women of reproductive age. This study evaluates the association between COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle changes among reproductive-aged women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study conducted among 700 participants via social media using a validated, self-administered Arabic questionnaire, adapted from existing literature. The tool was refined through rigorous back-translation and expert review (ACP = 96.6%). The questionnaire covered four domains: demographics, medical history, vaccination details, and menstrual changes. Kuder-Richardson coefficient of 0.7 confirmed the instrument’s reliability and internal consistency. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The study received IRB approval, and all participants provided voluntary informed consent. Data confidentiality was maintained through anonymization and the exclusion of personal identifiers.
Results:
Significant changes occurred in premenstrual syndrome (doses 1 and 2: P=0.010, 0.020) and cycle duration (P=0.024). Moderna significantly affected pain severity (P=0.007), unlike Pfizer or AstraZeneca. Flow and cramps were unaffected. Age, BMI, and employment were significant predictors of duration changes, while education and smoking were not.
Conclusions:
COVID-19 vaccination is associated with significant changes in PMS symptoms and cycle duration, with the Moderna vaccine specifically impacting pain severity. Age and BMI serve as key predictors of these changes.

Key words: COVID-19 vaccines, menstrual cycle changes, reproductive age, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Abusalih H, Al-anazi L, Al-harbi A, Al-mutairi R, Otayn R, Al-guhs N. COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2026; 14(3): 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004

Web Style

Abusalih H, Al-anazi L, Al-harbi A, Al-mutairi R, Otayn R, Al-guhs N. COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. https://www.mjhs-mu.org/?mno=299198 [Access: July 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Abusalih H, Al-anazi L, Al-harbi A, Al-mutairi R, Otayn R, Al-guhs N. COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2026; 14(3): 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Abusalih H, Al-anazi L, Al-harbi A, Al-mutairi R, Otayn R, Al-guhs N. COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci. (2026), [cited July 01, 2026]; 14(3): 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


Harvard Style

Abusalih, H., Al-anazi, . L., Al-harbi, . A., Al-mutairi, . R., Otayn, . R. & Al-guhs, . N. (2026) COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah J Heal Sci, 14 (3), 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


Turabian Style

Abusalih, Howeida, Leen Al-anazi, Aljouharah Al-harbi, Reem Al-mutairi, Ryoufe Otayn, and Najla Al-guhs. 2026. COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 14 (3), 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


Chicago Style

Abusalih, Howeida, Leen Al-anazi, Aljouharah Al-harbi, Reem Al-mutairi, Ryoufe Otayn, and Najla Al-guhs. "COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 14 (2026), 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Abusalih, Howeida, Leen Al-anazi, Aljouharah Al-harbi, Reem Al-mutairi, Ryoufe Otayn, and Najla Al-guhs. "COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 14.3 (2026), 29-44. Print. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Abusalih, H., Al-anazi, . L., Al-harbi, . A., Al-mutairi, . R., Otayn, . R. & Al-guhs, . N. (2026) COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: Predictive Factors Among Reproductive-Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 14 (3), 29-44. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2026.03.004




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